treewide: bump rust to 1.82.0

This also patches rules_rust to support extra_rustc_flags inside bzlmod
extensions.

Change-Id: I5da146bee580128a7ecfa6d98fa3afe482deb112
Reviewed-on: https://review.monogon.dev/c/monogon/+/3599
Tested-by: Jenkins CI
Reviewed-by: Lorenz Brun <lorenz@monogon.tech>
diff --git a/build/bazel/rust.MODULE.bazel b/build/bazel/rust.MODULE.bazel
index 3d33e88..eeedb06 100644
--- a/build/bazel/rust.MODULE.bazel
+++ b/build/bazel/rust.MODULE.bazel
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
     extra_target_triples = [
         "x86_64-unknown-uefi",
     ],
-    versions = ["1.71.0"],
+    versions = ["1.82.0"],
+    extra_rustc_flags = ["-Clinker=rust-lld"],
 )
 use_repo(rust, "rust_toolchains")