core/internal/kubernetes: refactor PKI fully

We move ad-hoc certificate/key creation to a little declarative,
future-inspired API.

The API is split into two distinct layers:
 - an etcd-backed managed certificate storage that understands server
   certificates, client certificates and CAs
 - a Kubernetes PKI object, that understands what certificates are
   needed to bring up a cluster

This allows for deduplicated path names in etcd, some semantic
information about available certificates, and is in general groundwork
for some future improvements, like:
 - a slightly higher level etcd 'data store' api, with
   less-stringly-typed paths
 - simplification of service startup code (there's a bunch of cleanups
   that can be still done in core/internal/kubernetes wrt. to
   certificate marshaling to the filesystem, etc)

Test Plan: covered by existing tests - but this should also now be nicely testable in isolation!

X-Origin-Diff: phab/D564
GitOrigin-RevId: a58620c37ac064a15b7db106b7a5cbe9bd0b7cd0
diff --git a/core/internal/kubernetes/pki/ca.go b/core/internal/kubernetes/pki/ca.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..64453cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/internal/kubernetes/pki/ca.go
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Monogon Project Authors.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package pki
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto"
+	"crypto/ed25519"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha1"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"crypto/x509/pkix"
+	"encoding/asn1"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"time"
+
+	"go.etcd.io/etcd/clientv3"
+)
+
+// Issuer is a CA that can issue certificates. Two issuers are currently implemented:
+//  - SelfSigned, which will generated a certificate signed by its corresponding private key.
+//  - Certificate, which will use another existing Certificate as a CA.
+type Issuer interface {
+	// CACertificate returns the DER-encoded x509 certificate of the CA that will sign certificates when Issue is
+	// called, or nil if this is self-signing issuer.
+	CACertificate(ctx context.Context, kv clientv3.KV) ([]byte, error)
+	// Issue will generate a key and certificate signed by the Issuer. The returned certificate is x509 DER-encoded,
+	// while the key is a bare ed25519 key.
+	Issue(ctx context.Context, template x509.Certificate, kv clientv3.KV) (cert, key []byte, err error)
+}
+
+var (
+	// From RFC 5280 Section 4.1.2.5
+	unknownNotAfter = time.Unix(253402300799, 0)
+)
+
+// Workaround for https://github.com/golang/go/issues/26676 in Go's crypto/x509. Specifically Go
+// violates Section 4.2.1.2 of RFC 5280 without this.
+// Fixed for 1.15 in https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/227098/.
+//
+// Taken from https://github.com/FiloSottile/mkcert/blob/master/cert.go#L295 written by one of Go's
+// crypto engineers
+func calculateSKID(pubKey crypto.PublicKey) ([]byte, error) {
+	spkiASN1, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(pubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var spki struct {
+		Algorithm        pkix.AlgorithmIdentifier
+		SubjectPublicKey asn1.BitString
+	}
+	_, err = asn1.Unmarshal(spkiASN1, &spki)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	skid := sha1.Sum(spki.SubjectPublicKey.Bytes)
+	return skid[:], nil
+}
+
+// issueCertificate is a generic low level certificate-and-key issuance function. If ca or cakey is null, the
+// certificate will be self-signed. The returned certificate is DER-encoded, while the returned key is internal.
+func issueCertificate(template x509.Certificate, ca *x509.Certificate, caKey interface{}) (cert, key []byte, err error) {
+	pubKey, privKey, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	serialNumberLimit := new(big.Int).Lsh(big.NewInt(1), 127)
+	serialNumber, err := rand.Int(rand.Reader, serialNumberLimit)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("failed to generate serial number: %w", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	skid, err := calculateSKID(pubKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return []byte{}, privKey, err
+	}
+
+	template.SerialNumber = serialNumber
+	template.NotBefore = time.Now()
+	template.NotAfter = unknownNotAfter
+	template.BasicConstraintsValid = true
+	template.SubjectKeyId = skid
+
+	// Set the AuthorityKeyID to the SKID of the signing certificate (or self, if self-signing).
+	if ca != nil && caKey != nil {
+		template.AuthorityKeyId = ca.AuthorityKeyId
+	} else {
+		template.AuthorityKeyId = template.SubjectKeyId
+	}
+
+	if ca == nil || caKey == nil {
+		ca = &template
+		caKey = privKey
+	}
+
+	caCertRaw, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, &template, ca, pubKey, caKey)
+	return caCertRaw, privKey, err
+}
+
+type selfSigned struct{}
+
+func (s *selfSigned) Issue(ctx context.Context, template x509.Certificate, kv clientv3.KV) (cert, key []byte, err error) {
+	return issueCertificate(template, nil, nil)
+}
+
+func (s *selfSigned) CACertificate(ctx context.Context, kv clientv3.KV) ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+var (
+	// SelfSigned is an Issuer that generates self-signed certificates.
+	SelfSigned = &selfSigned{}
+)
+
+func (c *Certificate) Issue(ctx context.Context, template x509.Certificate, kv clientv3.KV) (cert, key []byte, err error) {
+	caCert, caKey, err := c.ensure(ctx, kv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("could not ensure CA certificate %q exists: %w", c.name, err)
+	}
+
+	ca, err := x509.ParseCertificate(caCert)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("could not parse CA certificate: %w", err)
+	}
+	// Ensure only one level of CAs exist, and that they are created explicitly.
+	template.IsCA = false
+	return issueCertificate(template, ca, ed25519.PrivateKey(caKey))
+}
+
+func (c *Certificate) CACertificate(ctx context.Context, kv clientv3.KV) ([]byte, error) {
+	cert, _, err := c.ensure(ctx, kv)
+	return cert, err
+}